Potential Aviation Cybersecurity Threats Research - 1375 Words

Potential Aviation Cybersecurity Threats Research (Essay Sample) Content: Students Name:Instructors Name:Course:Date: Aviation CybersecurityCyber-security has become a major risk and is in fact one of the most pressing issues that affect business organizations today. Cyber-attackers today are more technologically-savvy, skilled and persistent than just a few years ago. Commercial aviation, like many other global business sectors, is very much aware that it has cyber-security challenge (Iasiello 23). This paper exhaustively discuses the potential aviation cybersecurity threats that experts in the industry have identified. The paper also discusses the activities that Original Equipment Manufacturers, Air Traffic Control and airlines are engaging in to help develop policies that would try to catch up with advancing technologies. Lastly, what regulatory and other agencies are doing to mitigate the risk linked to GPS and satellite-based navigation systems is discussed. Potential aviation cybersecurity threats There are a number of potential avi ation cybersecurity threats that have been identified by experts. Modern airplanes are becoming more and more connected to the internet. This interconnectedness has the potential of providing illegal, unofficial remote access to airplane avionics systems (Croft 3). Cyber elements which are possibly susceptible to cyber-attacks are as follows: onboard computer and navigation systems; cargo handling and shipping; reservation systems; hazardous materials transportation; flight traffic management; access, passport, and departure control systems; and flight traffic management (Jaeger 47). It is worth mentioning that cyber-attackers are increasingly making use of cyber-attacks as their weapon of choice targeted towards the aviation sector. There are quite a few types of cyber-security threats in the aviation sector ranging from malicious attacks that are intended to cause damage to aviation operations and threaten aviation safety, to errors that Information Technology personnel make leavi ng systems susceptible to exploitation. In 2005 for instance, a Polish airplane carrying over 200 travelers was grounded by a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack (Haass, Sampigethaya and Capezzuto 41). In DDoS attacks, the aim of cyber-attackers is to deluge critical computer systems with traffic that cause the server to overload and stop working. In addition, hackers can infiltrate an aircrafts security software. Cyber-attackers can target satellite communications equipment on aircraft through in-flight entertainment systems and WiFi. Hackers could hack into a passenger aircraft and gain total control of the airplanes on-board systems, with the exception of the airplanes pilots. Furthermore, it is possible to use an Android Smartphone to hack a passenger airplanes navigation system (Croft 2). This is very disturbing considering that by simply making use of a limited resource, hackers can take control of the whole control system within an aircraft, including cockpit systems and airplane navigation systems. These concerns are valid since the aviation sector is of great importance to the worlds economy and disruptions to this global transportation network could in fact cause ripples of social and economic turmoil worldwide (Haass, Sampigethaya and Capezzuto 43). For this reason, the critical infrastructure of the aviation industry has to be protected. Activities to develop policies/procedures/regulation The aforementioned potential cyber-security threats in the aviation industry has served to increase pressure on aviation managers, airports, airlines, air-traffic control (ATC), Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) and other stakeholders to bolster their cyber defenses. OEM, ATC and airlines are engaging in various activities to help develop regulations/procedures/policies that would attempt to catch up with the advancing technologies. For instance, the International Air Transport Association (IATA), which is an association representing over 140 airl ines globally, is helping airlines to develop a robust cyber security strategy and is driving coordination of international efforts to tackle cyber threats to the aviation sector (Abeyratne 26). It has created an aviation cybersecurity toolkit for helping aviation organizations including airlines to manage risks with the use of a common set of tools. Similarly, the American Institute of Astronautics and Aeronautics (AIAA) has developed a framework for aviation cybersecurity (Abeyratne 26). Moreover, an information system (IS) framework is being developed that is aimed at protecting airplane and ATC systems. Developing this IS policy framework includes the following steps: evaluating and understanding urgent risks and possible threats; carrying out research and development (RD); offering incident response; outlining the design and operational principles; as well as determining common cyber standards for aviation systems (Jaeger 49). It is notable that an effective information s ystems policy framework helps to continually prevent, detect, and respond to cyber-security threats. Furthermore, a notable strategy to help protect aviation industry from cyber-attacks has been the development and utilization of software assurance techniques, which are methods for minimizing the possibility and impact of coding omissions and errors that might expose systems to hackers or bring about unintended faults. Original equipment manufacturers, aviation system manufacturers and large commercial airplane manufacturers often work together with software security firms to achieve high assurance levels for software embedded in avionics equipment (Iasiello 23). The other activity to develop procedures that would catch up with the advancing technologies entails hiring qualified and trained cyber-security personnel. Mitigating risks associated with the new technologies There are risks linked to Global Positioning System (GPS) and such satellite-based navigation systems, for ins tance GPS interference, GPS jamming and GPS spoofing. In GPS spoofing, a GPS signal that is sent to an aircraft is spoofed; that is, a false GPS signal is broadcasted to the plane (Haass, Sampigethaya and Capezzuto 42). To mitigate the risks that are associated with GPS and similar satellite-based navigation systems, regulatory and other agencies are taking measures to protect GPS and similar satellite-based navigation systems from GPS spoofing and GPS interference and jamming. These steps ensure that airlines, ATCs, and airports do the following: signal-distortion detection, cryptography, and direction-of-arrival sensing. Signal-distortion detection alerts users to any suspicious activities basing upon a short but visible blip that occurs whenever a GPS signal gets spoofed. Cryptographic techniques, as Croft (4) stated allow users to authenticate signals on the fly. Civilian receivers, for instance, would utilize PRN codes which are partly or completely unpredictable, like the one s the United States military uses, so that spoofers cannot synthesize the PRN codes beforehand. However, to confirm every new signal, the civilian receivers would need to carry an encryption key like those that military receivers hold, and cyber-attackers would not be able to obtain such widely distributed keys (Iasiello 25). Lastly, direction-of-arrival sensing basically takes advantage of the fact that a GPS spoofer could only be in a single position at any particular time. It is notable that spoofers transmit a bogus GPS signal for every GPS satellite that the operator wants to imitate. The spoofers do this by producing the PRN codes for each satellite ...

Scientific Essay Example

The purpose of scientific essay example is to write a response with some evaluation on the chosen topic. The author must precisely unravel the theme in order to understand all its nuances. The response should contain careful critical analysis, the introduction to the topic, thorough discussion, and lead to the logical conclusion. Speaking about the structure, the preliminary part should include minimal necessary background, related to the topic, state argument or proposal, and provide the outline of the main research steps of the writer. The body section must contain several key elements like the clear development of the subject, description of relevant information in order to support the thesis. In addition, the writer is able to use certain tables and charts with appropriate references. Finally, the conclusion should include the short restatement of the purpose of the essay, summary text of the principal points within the body, and contain distinctive reasons for conclusion. The purpose of the paper is to evaluate the description and general information about the earthquakes in the USA. It is necessary to provide some statistics about the annual harmful effects of the earthquakes and ensure evaluation of the further tendency that this natural occurrence could display on the population and natural environment in America. Annually, earthquakes destroy thousands of houses and claim many human lives. However, this seismological phenomenon appears to be not as plain as some people suggest. There are various reasons why earthquakes regularly appear only on specific territories. Still, further researches pose new questions to puzzle known specialists. The main evaluation will result in reviewing the latest information about earthquakes. It is not definitely understood how earthquakes are formed and how they end the existence cycle. However, recent studies are focused on solving the mystery of earthquakes in order to improve the aiming systems which could notify people about incoming calamity. Earthquake is represented by the collision of the two blocks of the earth which instantly slip one past another. Average earthquake lasts approximately from a few minutes to the several hours. The location where the earthquake starts is called hypocenter and the layer of the earth above it is the epicenter which affects the upper fault plane. Furthermore, earthquakes are often supplemented by the smaller strokes which are called foreshocks and they appear at the same place as the major earthquake. The earth geological structure consists of the four major layers: the inner core, mantle, crust, and outer core. The reason for the majority of earthquakes is covered within the crust, the thin layer of the upper geological layer which is alike to the skin. In fact, we inhabit the surface of the crust. However, the crust is not unified and includes so-called tectonic plates which are movable. Actually, they drift on the down layers of the earth and often collide with each other. Furthermore, the edges of the plates are not definite in the outline and they are quite rough. Thus, when the edges collide, earthquakes occur within the area of collision. In the USA, the most active seismological zone is situated on the West Coast. It includes states like California and San Francisco. To sum up, current research cannot evaluate definitely the phenomenon of the earthquake precisely. However, lead scientists constantly improve the matter of evaluation towards earthquakes, using various scientific methods and cutting edge scientific development. Apparently, the key to answering why earthquakes exactly appear in all cases is going to be revealed in the next decades owing to the increased interest towards the problem. Overall, investigation of the problem is the best way to find the solutions for resolving it. Reference By Looking at the Amount of Time. The Science of Earthquakes. The Science of Earthquakes. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Sept. 2016. Earthquakes Can Trigger Near-instantaneous Aftershocks on Different Faults.ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, n.d. Web. 14 Sept. 2016. By David K. Lynch, PhD, Author of SanAndreasFault.org. The San Andreas Fault. San Andreas Fault Line. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Sept. 2016. Japan Earthquake Shifts Earths Mass and Moves Its Axis. 2011 Japan 9.0 Earthquake Shifts Earths Mass and Moves Axis. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Sept. 2016. High Tides Raise Odds of Powerful Earthquakes. LiveScience. TechMedia Network, n.d. Web. 14 Sept. 2016.

Mentor New Leaders Within Your Organization - 1466 Words

As a leader, it is important to mentor new leaders within your organization. Encouraging confidence in the new leaders will help establish competence in their field. Competence can also be achieved when an education has been invested in the new leader’s future. With the new knowledge of skills and education, the new leader will feel self-confident in the leadership position. After the establishment of self-confidence, the mentoring of the new leader must continue to set a precedent of continued support. The continued support will further strengthen the new leaders in their capabilities. Encourage Confidence in New Leaders Common causes that can contribute to a new leader feeling inadequate include, a lack of resources and lack of knowledge to feel confident in their new position. These concerns could lead to feeling overwhelmed and could sabotage the performance of the new leader. Unfortunately, when resources are available, but the leader still lacks the self-confidence to take advantage the same problem will occur. Kouzes (2012) explains â€Å"[d]eveloping competence and building confidence are essential to delivering on the organization’s promises and maintaining the credibility of leaders and team members alike.† For a company to exhibit exemplary performance an investment in the quality of leaders and staff must be executed. The term â€Å"co-active leader in front† is defined as a leader that nurtures relationships with their subordinates (Kimsey-House Show MoreRelatedEssay on Mentors Case Study913 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness 318 Case Study 3 Generation Gap: Mentors and Protà ©gà ©s (Chap 13 ) pg 442 1. I believe in order for a mentor program to be successful there should be a formal type of structure with support from all levels of management. I believe that employees who are going into the mentoring program as either Mentees or Mentors should also be motivated individuals who choose to participate and not instructed to do so. If I were building a mentoring program I would first start with a formal structureRead MoreMentoring Paper1131 Words   |  5 Pagesthe front line supervisors. I first feel a mentor is a good coach that is able to teach a specific skill to others no matter what their background knowledge is in the area. Also I feel a good mentor must challenge the mentoree and take them out of their comfort zone. In designing a mentoring program my main focuses would be make everyone familiar with the organizations norms and culture, the mentor must show the mentoree the company culture, the mentor must demonstrate honesty, integrity, respectRead MoreThe Origins Of Th e Term Coaching1244 Words   |  5 Pageswe do. Ultimately, we become an adult and join an organization, and then our bosses and managers become our coaches. Although the mutual goal of coaching is helping individuals to do their best by maximizing their performance, there are four different routes that can lead to this goal: Tutoring, Mentoring, Confronting, and High Performance Coaching.  Literature Review Tutoring Tutoring is a process by which an individual (a manager or a leader for our purposes) educates another individual (anRead MoreModule 7 : Leadership Development1528 Words   |  7 PagesDEVELOPMENT Leader development and leadership development is important from both a personal and an organizational aspect. (Hackman Johnson, 2013) states that, â€Å"Leader development promotes personal growth† and â€Å"Leadership development promotes organizational growth†. Leader development is an ongoing process that continues throughout life. Because leadership skills can be learned and/or developed, as you take on different leadership roles and other leadership opportunities your leadership skillsRead MoreThe Importance Of Being An Effective Manager842 Words   |  4 Pagesmanager to act as a mentor, when doing this it is essential to be accessible, approachable and interact with your employees on a consistent basis; reaffirming that their efforts do not go unnoticed. Establishing such a foundation ensures that employees take ownership and pride in their work, reducing the likelihood of low employee engagement. Employee engagement is directly correlated to productivity; when employees feel undervalued, they begin to withdraw their efforts. To mentor is not only to manageRead MoreCivic And Social Responsibility Of The Project Management Field1100 Words   |  5 Pagesto connect professional organizations, colleges, and business leaders together to reach out to the project management community and others to provide opportunities that all parties involved can learn and grow from. Impacts of â€Å"The Project† From â€Å"The Project† competition, I have learned that the project management field is an ever evolving industry of its own. â€Å"The Project† competition was able to bring together a professional organization, colleges, and business leaders to positively impact theRead MoreShould Companies Invest Into Multiple Channels For Information Flow995 Words   |  4 PagesInvest in Virtual Mentors? Turbocharge your career by cultivating multiple channels for information flow Having a mentor has always helped with professional development and career advancement, but in today’s complex workplace, one mentor won’t do. To spark innovation and ideapreneurship, employees often require relevant information on multiple areas of expertise in real-time. That’s why there is a need for multiple mentors and expertise from various domains. The good news is the rapid expansionRead MoreAnalytical Paper : Leadership And Leadership Development1395 Words   |  6 Pagessignificant role in their school as the school’s educational leader. They are responsible for ensuring strategies and systems are in place to support diverse learning. For many principals, they look for potential leaders to be apart of their leadership team in order to develop and nurture them into future school administrators. This could be accomplished by developing a potential educational leaders program. A program such as this provide teacher leaders with practiced-based and leadership development opportunitiesRead MoreQuality Improvement Organizations ( Qios )1429 Words   |  6 PagesQuality Improvement Organizations (QIOs), work in partnership with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) to advocate for safe, efficient, and quality healthcare for Americans. Working at the community level, QIOs collaborate with providers and interact with beneficiaries to improve patient outcomes. Additionally, QIOs support new models of care and promote healthcare goals endorsed by the National Quality Strategy, and CMS Quality Strategy. CMS has strategically placed QIOs in severalRead MoreLack Of Strong Communication Skills1533 Words   |  7 Pagesyou communicate when a particular situation occurs. An effective leader doesn’t always bark out orders but is able to adjust the communication style in a way that will get the receiver to process and understand the information. Effective ways for the leader to develop their communication skil ls include an introduction to staff and the surgeons on the unit to increase familiarity. Provide opportunities for staff and the new leader to build a rapport. Another way to develop their communication skills

Courage essay free essay sample

They help us understand everything around us, from peoples Ideas to their feelings, to all sorts of concepts of Ideology and life. Without definitions we would not know what anything would be, mean, act for, and so on. Definitions are an essential part of life that helps us cope with many things by helping us understand a broader perspective of objects and ideas. As a freshman in English class, one of our assignments was to read Solitude and Leadership by William Directories which Is an extended deflation of the words solitude and leadership.William Directories used different methods to define the two words including quotes, examples, characteristics, and reference to Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad, which in my case was one of the hardest novels I had to read. One of the definitions Directories gives us is solitude means being alone, and leadership necessitates the presence of others, both words contradicting themselves. Directories uses a series of characteristics to define the words, which included words such as courage, Independence, thinking, creativity, honor, concentration. Nests, Introspection, friendship. And morality among others. Courage was one characteristic that stood out to me. Courage can be interpreted in many ways. According to the Oxford English Dictionary one way, courage is defined as the heart as a seat of feeling, thought, etc. ; spirit, mind, disposition, nature. Another definition that was provided was that courage is applied to a persons spirit and yet another definition was spirit, liveliness, lustiness, vigor, vital force or energy. All three definitions contained the word split In them, and I believe that ones split s really Important in relation to courage because It Is what keeps us going. I can say that courage drives our spirit because without courage we would not do the many things that we have done and will do. For example, we would not talk to someone we really like without having the courage to go up to him or her right? According to the essay by Directories, there is two types of courage one being physical which he says we all possess in abundance and moral courage, which Is the courage that allows us to stand up for what we believe (175).Courage drives us to the many things we do in everyday life whether it is something simple like having the courage to argues our ideas or something adventurous like skydiving (175). To myself , courage contains some of the same characteristics, but I can out it into different words. Courage is a quality of mind or spirit that leads one to make certain decisions. Defining courage this way makes much more sense to me. Courage is very Important because without It we probably would not be In certain situations we are way from home all on my own living with someone who was once a complete stranger to me.I believe that that took tons of courage from me. Without courage many of us would not be away home our homes starting our college careers, which will prepare us for our future careers. Courage is a drive one must have to keep our spirit going. As a freshman in college, I have set goals that I hope to achieve by the end of the year. I believe that courage can help achieve many goals. For example, one of my goals is to leave here with the courage to take up more rigorous classes next year.Taking up more challenging courses is definitely going to require courage because college can already be difficult for some and taking up more can be a harder task. Another goal I wish to accomplish is to learn from all that will be done this year and apply it to the future. This goal can also take a bit of courage because learning from mistakes and applying the experience onto the future can be difficult. Courage is a really important characteristic to contain.No matter what age or situation, courage is extremely important, Just having the mentality of wanting to do something and being able to do it says a lot about a persons character. After reading the Solitude and Leadership I suddenly realize that there are many things that take part in building character. Courage goes a very long way. It helps us decide on certain ideas, gestures, etc. Being able to take the essay and go onto defining a word in my own terms, like in the essay, took courage because many people can Judge my ideology but having that courage the author spoke about and arguing for my own idea took courage. Courage Essay free essay sample One person explained how it took their baby a lot of courage to take its iris step, and another saying how he took the training wheels off of his childs bicycle, hoping his child had enough courage to get on that bicycle and ride it. Most of my research done on Google was very hard to find, meaning I had to refine definition of courage significantly. A lot of pages also came up that had nothing to do with the word courage whatsoever. My first source, Dictionary. Com, had many different definitions.The one I found to be the most accurate for being a dictionary definition was, Courage; the quality of mind or split that enables a person to face difficulty, danger, pain, etc. ; without fear; bravery. To me, this definition Is pretty spot-on, but It also lacks the emotion and deepness others see In the definition of courage. Thesaurus. Com being my second source, gave me, Boldness, braveness, as a definition. This definition is also, in my opinion, very vague and doesnt explain courage in great detail.The words boldness and braveness only make up a minute fraction of what courage means to me. After looking at famous quotes online from the Holy Bible about courage, I found one that aught my attention. It reads, David also said to Solomon his son, Be strong and courageous, and do the work. Do not be afraid or discouraged, for the LORD God, my God is with you. He will not fail you or forsake you until all the work for the service of the temple of the LORD Is finished. -l Chronicles 28:20. This verse can mean a lot of different things too lot of different people.To me, It means work hard your whole life no matter what Is In your way, for God Is always there with you to help you through It. Even If you arent Christian, this verse can brighten your day Just reading It. When scrolling through a couple websites containing Shakespeare, I came across a play he wrote, called Alls Well That Ends Well. The work says, Methinks in thee some blessed spirit doth speak His powerful sound within an organ weak: And what impossibility would slay In common sense, sense saves another way.Thy life is dear; for all that life can rate Worth name of life in thee hath estimate, Youth, beauty, wisdom, courage, all That happiness and prime can happy call: Thou this to hazard needs must intimate Skill infinite or monstrous desperate. Sweet practices, thy physic I will try, That ministers thin own death if I die Len this work, Shakespeare pretty much Just summarizes how dear life is and how much you should cherish it each and every day. Shakespeare also gives such qualities a human being would need to thrive on this planet, one being courage. This verse from the poem A Far Cry From Africa by Derek Walcott also got my attention. Threshed out by beaters, the long rushes break In a white dust of ibises whose cries Have wheeled since civilizations dawn As natural law, but upright man Seeks his divinity by inflicting pain. Delirious as these worried beasts, his wars Dance to the tightened carcass of a drum, While he calls courage still that native dread Of the white peace contracted by the dead. This poem brings a sense of sorrow but also a great meaning. It explains how man is the dominant species overall and since this is true, man has to inflict pain because of his high authority.But then the end of the poem brings reassurance, saying he honors he beast he has killed by forming peace between the two after death. Later coming across a famous quote from Sequestrations. Com, I read it and instantly knew this was the one I wanted to write about. Courage is the ladder on which all the other virtues mount,-Clare Booth Luck. After reading this once, I instantly knew the meaning. Courage is a virtue, but not Just any virtue. It is the basis of all virtues. Do you think a cheetah would be able to get food if it didnt take the risk of chasing down a wildebeest for a half hour?No, it wouldnt. That is why courage is required for everything to survive, not Just humans. In my overall search to find a real definition of the word courage, it was very difficult to actually pinpoint that one saying, quotation, or even poem that had the exact definition I was looking for. Honestly, it was hard researching the different objects containing the word courage and even harder to pick them out of a poem or writing. If I had to do this project over again, I would probably have gone to the library more and tried to organize and gather as much research as possible.